
Before you can improve software speed, you need to know what to measure. This topic covers the essential performance metrics every developer should understand. Response time tells you how long a user waits for a result. Throughput measures how many requests your system handles per second. Latency breaks down the delay at each stage of a request. CPU and memory utilization reveal resource consumption patterns. Error rates and timeout frequencies indicate reliability under load. We discuss how to define Service Level Objectives (SLOs) and why percentiles like p95 and p99 matter more than averages. Understanding these metrics gives you a baseline, helps you set realistic goals, and ensures you are optimizing the right things rather than guessing.